《liNUX教程：Cobbler无人值守批量安装linux系统》要点：
本文介绍了liNUX教程：Cobbler无人值守批量安装linux系统，希望对您有用。如果有疑问，可以联系我们。
本文目次：
1.1 pxe安装体系
1.2 cobbler根本介绍
1.3 安装和设置装备摆设cobbler
1.3.1 安装cobbler
1.3.2 设置装备摆设dhcp和tftp
1.4 cobbler从当地光盘安装系统
1.4.1 天生distro
1.4.2 提供kickstart文件
1.4.3 提供profile
1.4.4 开端安装
1.5 比pxe+kickstart好的处所
1.6 让新机械自动执行脚本
1.1 pxe安装系统
pxe的年夜致过程如下图.
此中pxelinux.0为bootloader.pxelinux.cfg目录下的文件(一般使用默认的default文件)定义了安装 *** 作系统前的菜单项,如kernel和Initrd的路径,kickstart的路径等.
首先客户端哀求pxe服务器上的dhcp,dhcp上指定了next-server和filename,它们分别是tftpd的地址和pxelinux.0的路径；然后客户端哀求tftpd获取pxelinux.0,执行pxelinux.0后将引导进入安装界面,随后获取pxelinux.cfg目录下的文件并读取其中的配置,从中获取kernel和initrd的路径所在,如果有定义kickstart项则还会去获取kickstart文件并读取配置；再然后客户端哀求获取kernel和initrd文件,以展开内核并进入到根文件系统；最后客户端获取完成系统安装所需的其他文件,这些文件可以是在pxe的本地,也可以是互联网上等能获取到的地方.
在阅读本文之前,如果不懂pxe+kickstart,建议先学习下,对学习cobbler很有赞助.
PXE+Kickstart实现无人值守批量安装linux
RHEL7/CentOS7 PXE+Kickstart自动化体系安装
PXE+Kickstart安装CentOS 7.3
linux运维自动化对象 Kickstart
PXE+Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS 7
RHCE认证之无人值守安装linux体系(FTP+TFTP+DHCP+Kickstart+PXE)
CentOS Kickstart及领导镜像文件制作
Kickstart 全自动安装部署RHEL 7.0
PXE+Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS 6
1.2 cobbler基本介绍cobbler可以看作是一个更多功能的pxe,它实现系统安装和pxe也差不多,必要的文件和过程大致都一样.
cobbler能自动管理dns/tftp/dhcp/rsync这四个服务(但似乎对tftp的管理有点BUG,必要手动启动tftp),且cobbler依赖于httpd(pxe支持http/nfs/ftp).
根本的系统安装,cobbler只需生成一个distro和一个profile即可.
distro相当于一个镜像,它提供安装系统进程中所需的一切文件,如vmlinuz,initrd以及rpm包等.
profile的作用是为了自动修改pxelinux.cfg/default文件,每生成或修改一次profile,都邑在default文件中修改或追加对应的label.
除了distro/profile之外,cobbler还管理system/images/repositorIEs等,然则用的很少.
1.3 安装和设置装备摆设cobbler1.3.1 安装cobblercobbler在epel源中提供.由于还依赖于httpd、dhcp,所以httpd和dhcp也应该装上.
yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart debmirror httpd dhcp
其中cobbler-web是提供web管理界面的,pykicstart是检查kicstart文件语法差错的,debmirror是维护debian源的工具,此处用不上但有依赖关系,所以装上.
安装后,在/etc/cobbler天生以下文件.
[root@linuxIDc ~]# cd /etc/cobbler/[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# lsauth.conf distro_signatures.Json modules.conf reporting tftpd.template zone_templatescheetah_macros dnsmasq.template mongodb.conf rsync.exclude users.confcobbler_bash import_rsync_whiteList named.template rsync.template users.digestcompletions iso power secondary.template versiondhcp.template ldap pxe settings zone.template
先启动httpd,再启动cobblerd.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# systemctl start httpd.service[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# systemctl start cobblerd.service [root@linuxIDc cobbler]# netstat -tnlpActive Internet connections (only servers)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* ListEN 1298/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* ListEN 1402/master tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25151 0.0.0.0:* ListEN 14091/python2 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* ListEN 2261/MysqLd tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* ListEN 1298/sshd tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* ListEN 1402/master tcp 0 0 :::443 :::* ListEN 14037/httpd tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* ListEN 14037/httpd
启动之后,首先执行cobbler check反省配置是否正确.根据提示修改相关的配置项.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler checkThe following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:1 : The 'server' fIEld in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost,or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.2 : For PXE to be functional,the 'next_server' fIEld in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1,and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.3 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders,you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them,or,if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting,you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. files in this directory,should you want to support all architectures,should include pxelinux.0,menu.c32,elilo.efi,and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easIEst way to resolve these requirements.4 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync5 : comment out 'dists' on /etc/debmirror.conf for proper debian support6 : comment out 'arches' on /etc/debmirror.conf for proper debian support7 : ksvalIDator was not found,install pykickstart8 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed,try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one9 : fencing tools were not found,and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use themRestart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
第一和第二个问题：
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# vim /etc/cobbler/settingsnext_server: 172.16.10.10server: 172.16.10.10
第三个问题：获取pxelinux.0和menu.c32文件(对付centos来说只需这两个文件),可以像pxe一样从syslinux包中手动复制到/var/lib/cobbler/loaders目录下,也可以执行cobbler get-loaders自动下载,但要求联网.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler get-loaders
第四个问题：有可能该问题不是如斯的,而是说要将rsyncd.service使用给start且enable,只需systemctl enable rsyncd,systemctl start rsyncd.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsyncdisable=no[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# service xinetd start
第5、6个问题,注释失落/etc/debmirror.conf中相关项即可.
第7个问题：因为之前安装的时候写成了pykicstart,所以失足了这里.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# yum -y install pykickstart
第8个问题：
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# openssl passwd -1 -salt `openssl rand -hex 8` '123456'$1$77e1022c$D9rxuxUWdc0NN46gzj9XT.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# vim /etc/cobbler/settingsdefault_password_crypted: "e1022c$D9rxuxUWdc0NN46gzj9XT."
第九个问题和电源管理有关,不消管了.直接重启cobbler,然后cobbler sync.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# service cobblerd restart[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler checkThe following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:1 : fencing tools were not found,and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler synccobbler sync命令用于将tftpboot目录和/var/www/cobbler坚持最新,当/var/lib/cobbler或者kickstart文件发生了变化,应该执行一次cobbler sync或者直接重启cobbler服务.
1.3.2 配置dhcp和tftp如果在/etc/cobbler/setting中设置了manage_dhcp:1,表现由cobbler管理dhcp(默认为0即人为手动管理),则cobbler管理的dhcp的配置模板/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template会覆盖/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf中配置,所以应该修改dhcp.template.
此处采纳默认的不由cobbler管理dhcp.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# yum-y install dhcp[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.confddns-update-style none;default-lease-time 259200;max-lease-time 518400;subnet 172.16.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 172.16.10.20 172.16.10.50; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; next-server 172.16.10.10; # tftp的地址 filename "pxelinux.0"; # pxelinux.0的路径,此为tftp根目录(/var/lib/tftpboot)的相对路径}
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# service dhcpd restart
关于tftp,在/etc/cobbler/settings中默认启用了由cobbler管理tftp,所以此处无需配置它.只要知道它的根目录为/var/lib/tftpboot即可.然则如果后面装系统的时候如果找不到tftp(应该是cobbler管理tftp的BUG),则手动启动tftp即可.
1.4 cobbler从本地光盘安装系统1.4.1 生成distro生成distro的办法有多种,可以从本地镜像导入生成,也可以根据网络上的资源生成.显然,从本地生成的效率是最好的.
从当地导入的过程实际上是将系统镜像中的文件复制到/var/www/cobbler/目录(默认)下.
mkdir /mntmount /dev/cdrom /mntcobbler import --name=CentOS7.2 --path=/mnt
等待导入完成,则表现distro生成完成.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# ls -l /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/total 38056-r--r--r-- 3 root root 34815427 Oct 24 2014 initrd.img-r-xr-xr-x 3 root root 4152336 Oct 24 2014 vmlinuz
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# ls -l /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS7.2/ # 此目录完全起源于镜像total 340-r--r--r-- 1 root root 14 Oct 24 2014 CentOS_BuildTagdr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 24 2014 EFI-r--r--r-- 1 root root 212 Nov 28 2013 EulA-r--r--r-- 1 root root 18009 Nov 28 2013 GPLdr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 24 2014 imagesdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 24 2014 isolinuxdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 278528 Oct 24 2014 Packages-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1354 Oct 20 2014 RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.HTMLdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 24 2014 repodata-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1706 Nov 28 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1730 Nov 28 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-DeBUG-6-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1730 Nov 28 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1734 Nov 28 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6-r--r--r-- 1 root root 3380 Oct 24 2014 TRANS.TBL
确保url路径http://172.16.10.10/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS7.2/是有效的.
1.4.2 提供kickstart文件
以下是CentOS7的Kickstart内容.如果要改为适合CentOS6的内容,只需将keyboard项设置为"keyboard us",并修改下分区方式(如有需要的话)以及%post脚本段的内容即可.
[root@linuxIDc ~]# vim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.2.ks#version=DEVEL# System authorization informationauth --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512# Install OS instead of upgradeinstall# Use network installationurl --url=$tree# Use text mode installtext# Firewall configurationfirewall --Disabledfirstboot --disable# ignoredisk --only-use=sda # 此项是CentOS7默认的项,但cobbler编译ks文件时不支持此语法,所以必需将此项注释掉# Keyboard layouts# old format: keyboard us# new format:keyboard --vckeymap=us --xlayouts='us'# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# Network informationnetwork --onboot=yes --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --noipv6network --hostname=node1.linuxIDc.com# Reboot after installationreboot# Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $6$KIPkwGVYqtjHln80$quxmkE5MKKA2LyzLOAc/s3FWH/jX76sObq6hqwOsEBoeMc/wIrzGG4xm72lkXwLeOfRLS/sl5vdajY9j34D4J. # SElinux configurationselinux --Disabled# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# System bootloader configurationbootloader --append="quIEt crashkernel=auto" --location=mbr --boot-drive=sda# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# disk partitioning informationpart /boot --asprimary --fstype="xfs" --size=250part swap --fstype="swap" --size=2000part / --asprimary --fstype="xfs" --grow --size=5000# 如果是要LVM分区,则考虑以下分区# part /boot --fstype ext4 --size=100# part swap --fstype=swap --size=2048# part pv26 --size=100 --grow# volgroup VG00 --pesize=32768 pv26# logvol / --fstype ext4 --name=LVroot --vgname=VG00 --size=29984# logvol /data --fstype ext4 --name=LVdata --vgname=VG00 --size=100 --grow%postrm -f /etc/yum.repos.d/*cat >>/etc/yum.repos.d/my.repo<<eof[base]name=sohubaseurl=http://mirrors.sohu.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/gpgcheck=0enable=1[epel]name=epelbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/enable=1gpgcheck=0eofsed -i "s/rhgb //" /boot/grub2/grub.cfgsed -i "/UUID/d" /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0echo "DNS1=114.114.114.114" >> /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0echo "UsednS no" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_configsed -i "s/GSSAPIAuthentication yes/GSSAPIAuthentication no/" /etc/ssh/ssh_configsed -i "s/^SEliNUX=.*$/SEliNUX=Disabled/" /etc/sysconfig/selinuxsystemctl disable firewalld%end%packages@base@core@development@platform-develkexec-toolslftptreelrzsz%end%addon com_RedHat_kdump --enable --reserve-mb='auto'%end
上面的url也可以写成url --url="http://172.16.10.10/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS7.2/".
1.4.3 提供profile
在导入镜像生成distro的进程中,会自动生成一个profile.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile List CentOS7.2-x86_64
该profile默认使用的kickstart是/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks,所以必要修改此项.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS7.2-x86_64name : CentOS7.2-x86_64TFTP Boot files : {}Comment : DHCP Tag : defaultdistribution : CentOS7.2-x86_64Enable gPXE? : 0Enable PXE Menu? : 1Fetchable files : {}Kernel Options : {}Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ksKickstart Metadata : {}Management Classes : []Management Parameters : <<inherit>>name Servers : []name Servers Search Path : []Owners : ['admin']Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>Repos : []Server OverrIDe : <<inherit>>Template files : {}Virt auto Boot : 1Virt BrIDge : xenbr0Virt cpus : 1Virt disk Driver Type : rawVirt file Size(GB) : 5Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512Virt Type : kvm
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS7.2-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.2.ks
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS7.2-x86_64 | grep -i kickstartKickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.2.ksKickstart Metadata : {}
对付centos7系列,则加上内核启动参数net.ifnames和biosdevname使得网卡名使用ethN系列而不使用enoXXXXXXX这样的随机名称.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS7.2-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.2.ks --kopts="net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS7.2-x86_64 | grep -Ei 'kernel|kickstart'
Kernel Options : {'biosdevname': '0','net.ifnames': '0'}Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.2.ksKickstart Metadata : {}
当然,不使用自生成的profile,本身添加一个profile也可以,同时还可以设置profile选项,如"--kickstart"项.如下：其中"--distro"指定该profile是添加到哪个distro下的.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cobbler profile add --name=CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 --distro=CentOS7.2-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.2.ks
现实上,每添加一个profile都是在向/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default中添加一个label.
[root@linuxIDc cobbler]# cat /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default DEFAulT menuPROMPT 0MENU Title Cobbler | http://cobbler.github.io/TIMEOUT 200TOTALTIMEOUT 6000ONTIMEOUT localLABEL local MENU LABEL (local) MENU DEFAulT LOCALBOOT -1LABEL CentOS7.2-x86_64 kernel /images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/vmlinuz MENU LABEL CentOS7.2-x86_64 append initrd=/images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/initrd.img ksdevice=bootif lang= text net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 kssendmac ks=http://172.16.10.10/cblr/svc/op/ks/profile/CentOS7.2-x86_64 ipappend 2LABEL CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 kernel /images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/vmlinuz MENU LABEL CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 append initrd=/images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/initrd.img ksdevice=bootif lang= kssendmac text ks=http://172.16.10.10/cblr/svc/op/ks/profile/CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 ipappend 2MENU end
也就是说,其实可以不用生成profile,本身手动编辑label也可以.
默认使用的菜单背景图片是menu.c32,此处我改为vesamenu.c32,该背景图片是从syslinux包中提取的,背景图片而已,看个人爱好了.另外默认菜单等待时间是2秒,在自动安装的环境中,可以将其设置的短些.并且进入菜单默认停留在local,即从本地启动系统,但是此时系统还没装,所以要实现自动化,建议修改此项.
以下是改动后的项.
DEFAulT vemamenuDEFAulT menuPROMPT 0MENU Title Cobbler | http://cobbler.github.io/TIMEOUT 20TOTALTIMEOUT 6000ONTIMEOUT CentOS7.2-x86_64LABEL local MENU LABEL (local) LOCALBOOT -1LABEL CentOS7.2-x86_64 kernel /images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/vmlinuz MENU DEFAulT MENU LABEL CentOS7.2-x86_64 append initrd=/images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/initrd.img ksdevice=bootif lang= text net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 kssendmac ks=http://172.16.10.10/cblr/svc/op/ks/profile/CentOS7.2-x86_64 ipappend 2LABEL CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 kernel /images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/vmlinuz MENU LABEL CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 append initrd=/images/CentOS7.2-x86_64/initrd.img ksdevice=bootif lang= kssendmac text ks=http://172.16.10.10/cblr/svc/op/ks/profile/CentOS7.2.1-x86_64 ipappend 2MENU end
在开始安装之前,要确保该ks路径是有效的且kickstart内容是正确的.有时候提供的Kickstart内容错误了,在制作成profile的时候不会报错,但实际上浏览器拜访该ks路径的内容提示错误.例如,拜访CentOS7.2.1-x86_64这个LABEL的kickstart文件,将其ks文件URL地址http://172.16.10.10/cblr/svc/op/ks/profile/CentOS7.2.1-x86_64输入浏览器中.如果得到如下结果,则表示出错了,很大的可能是cobbler不支持kickstart中的某指令,这个需要慢慢检查.
# This kickstart had errors that prevented it from being rendered correctly.# The cobbler.log should have information relating to this failure.修改kickstart文件后,必要重新编译profile加载新的kickstart文件.只需使用cobbler profile edit --name=XXXXX --kickstart=YYYYY即可重新编译XXXXX这个profile,或者执行cobbler sync命令.直到浏览器中能获取到kickstart的内容时才算��功.
或者,使用cobbler profile getks --name=XXXXX敕令获取名为XXXXX的profile的ks内容.
总之,必需要保证能正确获取到ks内容.
1.4.4 开始安装准备一个新的机器开机就会自动进入菜单,2-3秒超时后自动进行安装,安装完成后自动重启,重启时自动从当地启动.
所以,除了对新机械进行开机,其他的一切完完全全是全自动的.
建议在真正开始安装前,将dhcpd/rsyncd/tftp/cobbler等给重启一遍,防止中间改过哪些地方忘记重启而导致装机时失足.
1.5 比pxe+kickstart好的地方仅就cobbler基本功能而言,它跟pxe的才能基本是一样的,只是提供了更多花哨的功能.
但cobbler能够使用变量,能够通过几个命令自动完成文件复制,改动等繁琐的动作,另外它提供了API接口,常用的是它的图形界面.在这一点上,它还是不错的.
1.6 让新机器自动执行脚本有些时候新机器上要进行很多配置,在kickstart的%post段也可以配置,然则这里能进行的配置是有限的.
可以在cobbler服务端写好要执行的脚本,然后在新机器上将脚本使用scp复制过去,但是scp复制需要确认和输入暗码,所以需要在kickstart的选包部分指定安装expect包,然后使用expect进行非交互scp.
最后在%post段直接执行此剧本即可.
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